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What is InpharmD™?

Literature searching is tedious. InpharmD™ is here to help.

Clinical pharmacists can ask any question, anytime, from anywhere, and we’ll perform a custom literature search.

(And a 32% chance it’s already been asked.)


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This is how InpharmD™ transforms LITERATURE.

What's Being Asked...

Is there a recommended AST/ALT threshold for safe administration of gemcitabine?
What is the best treatment option for the infiltration of Taxol?
What is the comparison between Definity and Lumason (including clinical and safety) as cardiac ultrasound contrast?
Is there an increased risk for malignant hyperthermia with use of dexmedetomidine?
What are the indications for Ketamine infusions in ER and ICU settings and would there be a case that it is preferred...

What would you like to ask InpharmD™?

InpharmD's Answer GPT's Answer

Author:Dena Homayounieh, PharmD, BCPS + InpharmD™ AI LEARN MORE 

Although gemcitabine is reported to cause elevations in serum aminotransferase levels, dose modification is typically only suggested according to bilirubin levels in the setting of liver dysfunction. Published literature assessing gemcitabine therapy in patients with liver dysfunction primarily report recruitment of patients with AST/ALT levels <2 times the upper limit of normal (ULN), though one small trial (Table 1) enrolled patients with AST/ALT >2x ULN. In this trial, doses were red...

Though gemcitabine can cause elevations in serum aminotransferase levels (up to 30-90%), these elevations are typically mild and self-limited, and rarely require dose modifications. However, more severe elevations above 5 times the upper limit of normal can occur in 1-4% of gemcitabine patients. Additionally, gemcitable has also been associated with rare cases of liver injury in patients with underlying chronic liver disease or extensive hepatic metastases, as well as complications like hepatitis B reactivation. Therefore, close monitoring is warranted, especially in patients with pre-existing liver dysfunction, and dose adjustments may be necessary to manage the potential for liver toxicity. [1] A 2005 article reviewed the complexities of chemotherapy dosing in cancer patients with liver dysfunction, emphasizing the interplay between hepatic impairment and drug pharmacokinetics. Liver dysfunction alters drug clearance via reduced hepatic metabolism, compromised biliary excretio...

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A search of the published medical literature revealed 2 studies investigating the researchable question:

Is there a recommended AST/ALT threshold for safe administration of gemcitabine?

Level of evidence
C - Multiple studies with limitations or conflicting results  

READ MORE→

[1] LiverTox®: Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases; 2012-. Gemcitabine. [Updated 2018 Mar 9]. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK548575/
[2] Eklund JW, Trifilio S, Mulcahy MF. Chemotherapy dosing in the setting of liver dysfunction. Oncology (Williston Park). 2005;19(8):1057-1069.
InpharmD's Answer GPT's Answer

Author:zophia@inpharmd.com, PharmD, BCPS + InpharmD™ AI LEARN MORE 

Although the literature primarily addresses paclitaxel (Taxol) extravasation rather than infiltration, available evidence supports prompt discontinuation of the infusion, aspiration of residual drug without flushing, removal of the vascular access device, and close monitoring of the affected area. Paclitaxel is generally considered a vesicant or a drug with vesicant potential, and hyaluronidase is the most commonly recommended pharmacologic intervention despite the limited quality of supporti...

The 2025 ONS/ASCO Guideline on the Management of Antineoplastic Extravasation addresses paclitaxel extravasation as a taxane-related event and provides a conditional recommendation, based on very low-certainty evidence, to use an antidote rather than no antidote for paclitaxel or docetaxel extravasation; the studies informing this recommendation used hyaluronidase. The guideline identifies hyaluronidase as the antidote used for extravasation of paclitaxel and docetaxel, with an example regimen of 150 units/1 mL divided into five 0.2-mL subcutaneous injections around the perimeter of the extravasation site using a 25-gauge needle, administered within 3 to 4 hours of extravasation. In addition, the guideline suggests use of a thermal compress rather than no compress and a longer duration of compress application, with warm compresses indicated for paclitaxel when coadministered with hyaluronidase, while the algorithm lists cold compresses for taxanes when hyaluronidase is not used. Ini...

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A search of the published medical literature revealed 3 studies investigating the researchable question:

What is the best treatment option for the infiltration of Taxol?

Level of evidence
C - Multiple studies with limitations or conflicting results  

READ MORE→

[1] Thomas T, Clark C, Backler C, et al. ONS/ASCO guideline on the management of antineoplastic extravasation. JCO Oncol Pract. Published online September 18, 2025:OP-25-00579. doi:10.1200/OP-25-00579
[2] Matsumoto K, Ryushima Y, Sato J, et al. Extravasation associated with cancer drug therapy: multidisciplinary guideline of the Japanese Society of Cancer Nursing, Japanese Society of Medical Oncology, and Japanese Society of Pharmaceutical Oncology. ESMO Open. 2024;9(10):103932. doi:10.1016/j.esmoop.2024.103932
[3] Pérez Fidalgo JA, García Fabregat L, Cervantes A, et al. Management of chemotherapy extravasation: ESMO-EONS Clinical Practice Guidelines. Ann Oncol. 2012;23 Suppl 7:vii167-vii173. doi:10.1093/annonc/mds294
[4] Stanford BL, Hardwicke F. A review of clinical experience with paclitaxel extravasations. Support Care Cancer. 2003;11(5):270-277. doi:10.1007/s00520-003-0441-0
[5] Barbee MS, Owonikoko TK, Harvey RD. Taxanes: vesicants, irritants, or just irritating?. Ther Adv Med Oncol. 2014;6(1):16-20. doi:10.1177/1758834013510546
InpharmD's Answer GPT's Answer

Author:azkaa@inpharmd.com, PharmD, BCPS + InpharmD™ AI LEARN MORE 

Despite limited direct comparative data between the two agents, individual trials demonstrate that both agents improve endocardial border delineation and diagnostic image quality in patients with suboptimal baseline echocardiograms. Reported adverse effects for both agents were generally mild, though one retrospective study reported a significantly higher incidence of severe and critical adverse drug reactions with Lumason® compared to Definity® (see Table 1). In contrast, a separate study ob...

Although not discussing the comparative safety of Lumason and Definity, the updated 2024 American College of Radiology (ACR) ​​Manual on Contrast Media reported that adverse events from either agent are exceedingly rare. The overall adverse event rate reported in older studies was ~2%, and serious hypersensitivity reactions were reported in 0.01% of patients. Most adverse events are mild and likely physiologic in etiology, including symptoms such as headache, a sensation of warmth or flushing, nausea, and altered taste. There were no reports of death. Most severe reactions occur within 30 minutes of administration and can occur on first or subsequent doses. [1] A 2017 review discussed the safety data of echocardiographic contrast agents (ECAs). Safety studies have included outpatients, hospitalized patients, patients undergoing stress echocardiography, and those with pulmonary hypertension. There have also been safety statements published by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)...

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A search of the published medical literature revealed 2 studies investigating the researchable question:

What is the comparison between Definity and Lumason (including clinical and safety) as cardiac ultrasound contrast?

Level of evidence
C - Multiple studies with limitations or conflicting results  

READ MORE→

[1] American College of Radiology (ACR). ACR Committee on Drugs and Contrast Media. ACR Manual on Contrast Media. Updated 2024. Accessed July 23, 2024.
[2] Muskula PR, Main ML. Safety with echocardiographic contrast agents. Circ: Cardiovascular Imaging. 2017;10(4):e005459. doi:10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.116.005459
[3] Khawaja OA, Shaikh KA, Al-Mallah MH. Meta-analysis of adverse cardiovascular events associated with echocardiographic contrast agents. Am J Cardiol. 2010;106(5):742-747. doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2010.04.034
[4] Ntoulia A, Anupindi SA, Back SJ, et al. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound: a comprehensive review of safety in children. Pediatr Radiol. 2021;51(12):2161-2180. doi:10.1007/s00247-021-05223-4
[5] Hyvelin JM, Gaud E, Costa M, et al. Characteristics and Echogenicity of Clinical Ultrasound Contrast Agents: An In Vitro and In Vivo Comparison Study. J Ultrasound Med. 2017;36(5):941-953. doi:10.7863/ultra.16.04059
[6] Kitzman DW, Goldman ME, Gillam LD, Cohen JL, Aurigemma GP, Gottdiener JS. Efficacy and safety of the novel ultrasound contrast agent perflutren (definity) in patients with suboptimal baseline left ventricular echocardiographic images. Am J Cardiol. 2000;86(6):669-674. doi:10.1016/s0002-9149(00)01050-x
[7] Senior R, Andersson O, Caidahl K, et al. Enhanced left ventricular endocardial border delineation with an intravenous injection of SonoVue, a new echocardiographic contrast agent: A European multicenter study. Echocardiography. 2000;17(8):705-711. doi:10.1111/j.1540-8175.2000.tb01223.x
[8] Strom JB, Mulvagh SL, Porter TR, Wei K, Stout JL, Main ML. Contemporary Safety of Ultrasound Enhancing Agents in a Nationwide Analysis. J Am Heart Assoc. 2025;14(10):e039480. doi:10.1161/JAHA.124.039480
[9] Gonzalez RF, Cabra A, Liu D, et al. Comparative Safety of Ultrasound Enhancing Agents: A Systematic Review and Bayesian Network Meta-Analysis. Am J Cardiol. 2025;237:6-13. doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2024.11.009
InpharmD's Answer GPT's Answer

Author:azkaa@inpharmd.com, PharmD, BCPS + InpharmD™ AI LEARN MORE 

Published evidence describing an association between dexmedetomidine and malignant hyperthermia (MH) is extremely limited. A comprehensive literature search identified a single case of suspected MH with dexmedetomidine use, requiring treatment with dantrolene and targeted temperature management for fever resolution (Table 1). In contrast, multiple reports describe successful use of dexmedetomidine as part of the sedation regimen in patients with known risk for MH without triggering adverse ev...

A 2021 systematic review evaluated the occurrence of fever or hyperthermia induced by dexmedetomidine in adult patients.. The systematic review identified 488 citations, narrowing down to 17 eligible studies, including 4 retrospective cohort studies, 1 case series, and 12 case reports. The evidence ranged from very low to low quality, with patient-level data indicating the uncommon nature of dexmedetomidine-associated fever. The median Naranjo score was 4, and dexmedetomidine doses varied from 0.1 to 2 μg/kg/h, highlighting obesity and cardiac surgery as potential risk factors. The 2021 review underscored the importance of clinicians considering dexmedetomidine-associated fever when evaluating elevated body temperature in critically ill patients, given that the true incidence remains unclear. Notably, the review revealed that patients receiving dexmedetomidine were significantly more likely to develop hyperthermia compared to those on standard sedatives like propofol. The findings a...

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A search of the published medical literature revealed 6 studies investigating the researchable question:

Is there an increased risk for malignant hyperthermia with use of dexmedetomidine?

Level of evidence
B - One high-quality study or multiple studies with limitations  

READ MORE→

[1] Schurr JW, Ambrosi L, Lastra JL, McLaughlin KC, Hacobian G, Szumita PM. Fever Associated With Dexmedetomidine in Adult Acute Care Patients: A Systematic Review of the Literature. J Clin Pharmacol. 2021;61(7):848-856. doi:10.1002/jcph.1826
InpharmD's Answer GPT's Answer

Author:Naveed Aijaz, PharmD, BCPS + InpharmD™ AI LEARN MORE 

A growing body of literature has evaluated ketamine use in ED and ICU settings, with the strongest evidence supporting acute pain management and opioid-sparing strategies. Expert guidance supports subanesthetic ketamine as a stand-alone analgesic or adjunct to opioids in the ED for acute traumatic and nontraumatic pain, refractory pain, and opioid-tolerant patients; in the ICU, recommendations primarily support low-dose ketamine as an adjunct to opioids or multimodal analgosedation to reduce ...

According to the 2018 Society of Critical Care Medicine (SCCM) Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Management of Pain, Agitation, Delirium, Immobility, and Sleep Disruption in Adult Patients in the ICU, opioids remain a mainstay of pain management in critically ill adults; however, concerns regarding opioid-associated adverse effects, including sedation, delirium, respiratory depression, ileus, and immunosuppression, have led to evaluation of multimodal analgesic strategies incorporating nonopioid agents such as ketamine. The guideline panel generally supported multimodal pharmacotherapy as part of an analgesia-first approach to reduce opioid and sedative exposure. For ketamine specifically, the guideline issued a conditional recommendation based on very low-quality evidence suggesting the use of low-dose ketamine (0.5 mg/kg IV push followed by a continuous infusion of 1-2 mcg/kg/min) as an adjunct to opioid therapy when seeking to reduce opioid consumption in postsurgical adults a...

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A search of the published medical literature revealed 2 studies investigating the researchable question:

What are the indications for Ketamine infusions in ER and ICU settings and would there be a case that it is preferred over fentanyl infusion?

Level of evidence
C - Multiple studies with limitations or conflicting results  

READ MORE→

[1] Devlin JW, Skrobik Y, Gélinas C, et al. Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Prevention and Management of Pain, Agitation/Sedation, Delirium, Immobility, and Sleep Disruption in Adult Patients in the ICU. Crit Care Med. 2018;46(9):e825-e873. doi:10.1097/CCM.0000000000003299
[2] American College of Emergency Physicians, Emergency Nurses Association, Society of Emergency Medicine Physician Assistants. Sub-dissociative Dose Ketamine for Analgesia. Policy statement. Approved October 2017. Accessed June 10, 2026. https://www.ena.org/sites/default/files/2025-08/Sub-dissociative%20Dose%20Ketamine%20for%20Analgesia.pdf
[3] Bang S. Sub-dissociative dose ketamine in the emergency department. American College of Emergency Physicians Pain Management and Addiction Medicine Section. Published January 14, 2021. Accessed June 10, 2026. https://www.acep.org/painmanagement/newsroom/jan2021/sub-dissociative-dose-ketamine-in-the-emergency-department
[4] Freess D, Schiller E. ACEP policy on low-dose ketamine. ACEP Now. January 30, 2018. Accessed June 10, 2026. https://www.acepnow.com/article/acep-policy-low-dose-ketamine/
[5] Veterans Health Administration. Ketamine for the Management of Acute Pain in VHA Emergency Departments and Urgent Care Centers: National Protocol Guidance. Updated March 2024. Accessed June 10, 2026. https://www.va.gov/formularyadvisor/DOC_PDF/CRE_Ketamine_for_Acute_Pain_in_VHA_ED_or_UCC_Rev_APR_2024.pdf
[6] Schwenk ES, Viscusi ER, Buvanendran A, et al. Consensus Guidelines on the Use of Intravenous Ketamine Infusions for Acute Pain Management From the American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, the American Academy of Pain Medicine, and the American Society of Anesthesiologists. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2018;43(5):456-466. doi:10.1097/AAP.0000000000000806
[7] Chan K, Burry LD, Tse C, Wunsch H, De Castro C, Williamson DR. Impact of Ketamine on Analgosedative Consumption in Critically Ill Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Ann Pharmacother. 2022;56(10):1139-1158. doi:10.1177/10600280211069617
[8] Midega TD, Chaves RCF, Ashihara C, et al. Ketamine use in critically ill patients: a narrative review. Uso de cetamina em pacientes críticos: uma revisão narrativa. Rev Bras Ter Intensiva. 2022;34(2):287-294. doi:10.5935/0103-507X.20220027-pt
[9] Yao Z, Dhipeng Z, Guan C, Cui S, Quan Z, Li Y, Zheng J. Ketamine use in adult intensive care unit: a narrative review of emerging applications, efficacy challenges, and safety concerns. Emerg Crit Care Med. 2025;5(3):153-160. doi:10.1097/EC9.0000000000000152
[10] Casamento A, Niccol T. Efficacy and safety of ketamine in mechanically ventilated intensive care unit patients: a scoping review. Crit Care Resusc. 2023;24(1):71-82. Published 2023 Oct 18. doi:10.51893/2022.1.OA9
[11] Motov S, Rosenbaum S, Vilke GM, Nakajima Y. Is There a Role for Intravenous Subdissociative-Dose Ketamine Administered as an Adjunct to Opioids or as a Single Agent for Acute Pain Management in the Emergency Department?. J Emerg Med. 2016;51(6):752-757. doi:10.1016/j.jemermed.2016.07.087

Why choose InpharmD™?

Find answers, not documents.

Before InpharmD™


BeforeTime
Your team spends hours per week cobbling together literature from different studies, many behind paywalls, leaving little time for action.
BeforeTime
TI opportunities are discovered (or presented by third parties) months after the fact, resulting in costly missed savings.
BeforeTime
Decisions may be made without a complete picture, or pushed out while gathering consensus.

After InpharmD™


BeforeTime
InpharmD™ delivers customized, actionable drug information in real time, so you can focus on execution.
BeforeTime
Your team stays informed immediately when new data emerges or prices change, and you’ll always be the first to know when any changes impact your formulary.
BeforeTime
With InpharmD™, your team can make faster, more informed decisions and move forward with confidence.

What Clinical Pharmacists Are Saying...


     

Assists in our research and is a great way or us to get an answer to a medical question without spending an average of 2 hours researching UptoDate or PubMed ourselves.


—   Jordan C., PharmD, New Jersey

     

Huge time saver with thorough responses.


—   Jane D., PharmD, Georgia

     

I’d never heard of a DI pharmacist before, now I have one. In. My. Pocket. Amazing!


     

Holy Shhh. Cow! Holy Cow! These summaries are beautiful.


—   Jane D., PharmD, Georgia

     

I just want to say: This is such a brilliant idea! You people are genius.


     

OH MY GOD WHERE HAVE YOU BEEN ALL MY LIFE!


     

I can’t tell you how much time I spend literature searching. And how I CANNOT STAND PAYWALLS. THIS IS UNBELIEVABLE!! (covers face for sec) thank you, thank you, thank you!


     

So they’re basically connecting academic researchers with front line providers and then automating everything. It’s simply brilliant.


     

The clinical pharmacist was our secret weapon anyway. (Smiles wryly) This pharmacist AI seems superhuman. I’m just blown away, honestly. (Looks at camera somberly.)


     

It’s an ENTIRE DI DEPARTMENT, that lives in Epic. Give me a second. I’m just having a hard time wrapping my head around that.


     

Sorry just give me a second, my mind is blown.


     

Stop reading and just download the app already! I’ve tried all of them. This is by far the most advanced, best-in-class.


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