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What is InpharmD™?

Literature searching is tedious. InpharmD™ is here to help.

Clinical pharmacists can ask any question, anytime, from anywhere, and we’ll perform a custom literature search.

(And a 32% chance it’s already been asked.)


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This is how InpharmD™ transforms LITERATURE.

What's Being Asked...

Please summarize national guidelines and clinical trials and literature surrounding use of tamiflu for use in the cri...
In pediatric patients across real-world clinical settings, how does the long-term effectiveness of RotaTeq compare to...
Please compare and contrast clesrovimab and nirsevimab. Please include national guideline recommendations and clinica...
What are the similarities and differences between olanzapine and ziprasidone administered IM for acute agitation?
Is there any evidence to suggest IV ethacrynic acid is more effective than PO ethacrynic acid?

What would you like to ask InpharmD™?

InpharmD's Answer GPT's Answer

Author:Frances Beckett-Ansa, PharmD, BCPS + InpharmD™ AI LEARN MORE 

Available guidelines recommend initiating standard-dose oseltamivir as soon as possible in all hospitalized patients with suspected or confirmed influenza, including those presenting more than 48 hours after symptom onset. In critically ill patients, observational studies have associated neuraminidase inhibitor treatment with lower mortality, including when treatment is initiated more than 48 hours after symptom onset, although the lack of adequately powered randomized trials limits certainty...

A 2026 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) clinician summary recommends initiating oral or enterically administered oseltamivir as soon as possible in all hospitalized patients with suspected or confirmed influenza, without awaiting laboratory confirmation; observational evidence indicates that benefit is greatest with early treatment but may persist when treatment is initiated more than 48 hours after symptom onset. No sufficiently powered, randomized, placebo-controlled trials of neuraminidase inhibitor monotherapy have been completed in hospitalized patients; however, observational studies have associated treatment with shorter hospitalization and reduced risks of intensive care unit (ICU) transfer, invasive mechanical ventilation, or death, although some studies have not demonstrated a mortality reduction. Standard-dose oseltamivir achieves therapeutic concentrations in critically ill adults, including limited data involving administration through gastric tubes and ...

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A search of the published medical literature revealed 4 studies investigating the researchable question:

Please summarize national guidelines and clinical trials and literature surrounding use of oseltamivir (Tamiflu) for use in the critically ill population.

Level of evidence
B - One high-quality study or multiple studies with limitations  

READ MORE→

[1] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Influenza Antiviral Medications: Summary for Clinicians. March 10, 2026. Accessed August 17, 2026.
[2] World Health Organization (WHO). Clinical practice guidelines for influenza. September 12, 2024. Accessed August 17, 2026.
[3] Bay P, Martin-Loeches I, Haudebourg AF, et al. How to manage antivirals in critically ill patients with influenza?. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2025;31(7):1157-1165. doi:10.1016/j.cmi.2025.04.002
[4] Gao Y, Guyatt G, Uyeki TM, et al. Antivirals for treatment of severe influenza: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Lancet. 2024;404(10454):753-763. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(24)01307-2
[5] Muthuri SG, Venkatesan S, Myles PR, et al. Effectiveness of neuraminidase inhibitors in reducing mortality in patients admitted to hospital with influenza A H1N1pdm09 virus infection: a meta-analysis of individual participant data. Lancet Respir Med. 2014;2(5):395-404. doi:10.1016/S2213-2600(14)70041-4
InpharmD's Answer GPT's Answer

Author:AJ Carvajal, PharmD, BCPS + InpharmD™ AI LEARN MORE 

Available evidence indicates that RotaTeq (RV5) and Rotarix (RV1) provide comparable long-term protection against severe rotavirus gastroenteritis when their respective vaccine series are completed, with no consistent difference in overall effectiveness between the 3-dose RV5 and 2-dose RV1 series. Real-world studies demonstrate sustained effectiveness for both vaccines against rotavirus-related hospitalization and emergency department visits, particularly in low-mortality settings, and a 202...

Rotavirus vaccination was historically recommended by the CDC for all infants beginning at 2 months of age. Updated 2026 childhood vaccination recommendations categorize vaccines as recommended for all children, recommended for children at high risk, or based on shared clinical decision-making for children who are not at high risk; rotavirus vaccination is included in the shared clinical decision-making category. These decisions are individualized through discussion between the health care provider and parent or guardian. Two rotavirus vaccines are available: RotaTeq® (RV5), a 3-dose pentavalent oral vaccine, and Rotarix® (RV1), a 2-dose monovalent oral vaccine, with no preferred product specified. Regardless of product, the first dose may be administered as early as 6 weeks and must be given before 15 weeks of age, with the series completed by 8 months. Clinical studies supporting FDA approval demonstrated 85%–100% efficacy against severe rotavirus gastroenteritis, with efficacy ma...

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A search of the published medical literature revealed 1 study investigating the researchable question:

How does the long-term effectiveness of RotaTeq compare to Rotarix in preventing severe rotavirus gastroenteritis when evaluating the overall protective advantage of completing their respective three-dose versus two-dose series rather than simply focusing on genotype-specific strain coverage?

Level of evidence
C - Multiple studies with limitations or conflicting results  

READ MORE→

[1] RotaTeq (rotavirus vaccine, live, oral, pentavalent solution). Package Insert. Merck Sharp & Dohme LLC; May 2026.
[2] Rotarix (rotavirus vaccine, live, oral solution). Package Insert. GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals SA; January 2024.
[3] U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. CDC Archive. Child and Adolescent Immunization Schedule, 2022. Accessed August 17, 2026. https://archive.cdc.gov/#/details?q=child%20and%20adolescent%20immunization%20schedule&start=0&rows=10&url=https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/schedules/hcp/imz/prior-years/2022/child-adolescent-compliant.html
[4] U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Childhood Immunization Schedule by Recommendation Group. February 11, 2026. Accessed August 17, 2026. https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/imz-schedules/child-easyread.html
[5] U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Child Immunization Schedule Notes. December 8, 2025. Accessed August 17, 2026. https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/hcp/imz-schedules/child-adolescent-notes.html
[6] U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. ACIP Shared Clinical Decision-Making Recommendations. January 7, 2025. Accessed August 17, 2026. https://www.cdc.gov/acip/vaccine- recommendations/shared-clinical-decision-making.html
[7] Rha B, Tate JE, Payne DC, et al. Effectiveness and impact of rotavirus vaccines in the United States - 2006-2012. Expert Rev Vaccines. 2014;13(3):365-376. doi:10.1586/14760584.2014.877846
[8] Sun ZW, Fu Y, Lu HL, et al. Association of Rotavirus Vaccines With Reduction in Rotavirus Gastroenteritis in Children Younger Than 5 Years: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials and Observational Studies. JAMA Pediatr. 2021;175(7):e210347. doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2021.0347
[9] Burnett E, Parashar UD, Tate JE. Real-world effectiveness of rotavirus vaccines, 2006-19: a literature review and meta-analysis. Lancet Glob Health. 2020;8(9):e1195-e1202. doi:10.1016/S2214-109X(20)30262-X
InpharmD's Answer GPT's Answer

Author:zophia@inpharmd.com, PharmD, BCPS + InpharmD™ AI LEARN MORE 

Direct clinical evidence comparing nirsevimab and clesrovimab are lacking, as data are primarily limited to placebo-controlled trials. According to guidelines, nirsevimab and clesrovimab are both first-line agents for RSV immunization of infants entering their first RSV season and no preference for either agent is noted. Pivotal studies for each agent are outlined in Tables 1 to 4.

Beginning in August 2023, the United States Center for Disease Control (CDC) Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) recommended RSV monoclonal antibody immunization for all infants aged <8 months who are born during or entering their first RSV season and for infants and children aged 8-19 months who are at increased risk for severe RSV disease and are entering their second RSV season. At the time, nirsevimab was the only long-acting RSV-targeted monoclonal antibody available. In September of 2023, active maternal vaccination (with Abrysvo®) for RSV was added as another option to prevent RSV-associated lower respiratory tract infection in infants. Updated ACIP recommendations published in August 2025 expanded the previous recommendation to include clesrovimab as one of two options for immunization of infants less than 8 months old entering their first RSV season only (nirsevimab or clesrovimab). No specific RSV antibody agent is considered preferred for this population. ...

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A search of the published medical literature revealed 5 studies investigating the researchable question:

Please compare and contrast clesrovimab and nirsevimab. Please include national guideline recommendations and clinical trials.

Level of evidence
C - Multiple studies with limitations or conflicting results  

READ MORE→

[1] CDC. Child Immunization Schedule Notes. Vaccines & Immunizations. July 2, 2025. Accessed August 17, 2026.
[2] Jones JM, Fleming-Dutra KE, Prill MM, et al. Use of Nirsevimab for the Prevention of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Disease Among Infants and Young Children: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices — United States, 2023. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2023;72:920–925. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm7234a
[3] Moulia DL, Link-Gelles R, Chu HY, et al. Use of Clesrovimab for Prevention of Severe Respiratory Syncytial Virus–Associated Lower Respiratory Tract Infections in Infants: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices — United States, 2025. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2025;74:508–514. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm7432a3.Committee on Infectious Diseases.
[4] Fleming-Dutra KE, Jones JM, Roper LE, et al. Use of the Pfizer Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccine During Pregnancy for the Prevention of Respiratory Syncytial Virus–Associated Lower Respiratory Tract Disease in Infants: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices — United States, 2023. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2023;72:1115–1122. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm7241e1
[5] American Academy of Pediatrics. Recommendations for the Prevention of RSV Disease in Infants and Children: Policy Statement. Pediatrics. Published online August 19, 2025. doi:10.1542/peds.2025-07392
[6] Fullarton J, Paes B, Waghorne N, Keary I, Rodgers-Gray B, Carbonell-Estrany X. Meta-analysis of the efficacy of palivizumab versus nirsevimab at preventing medically attended respiratory syncytial virus infections in non-hospitalized preterm infants. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2026;22(1):2652679. doi:10.1080/21645515.2026.2652679
[7] Wang X, Kong L, Liu X, Wu P, Zhang L, Ding F. Effectiveness of nirsevimab immunization against RSV infection in preterm infants: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Immunol. 2025;16:1581970. Published 2025 Apr 17. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2025.1581970
[8] Sayed MS, Elgendy MA, Gamil N, et al. Efficacy and safety of a single dose of nirsevimab against respiratory syncytial virus infection in infants: a meta-analysis and time-to-event analysis. Ital J Pediatr. 2025;52(1):15. Published 2025 Dec 30. doi:10.1186/s13052-025-02184-4
InpharmD's Answer GPT's Answer

Author:AJ Carvajal, PharmD, BCPS + InpharmD™ AI LEARN MORE 

Available evidence for intramuscular (IM) olanzapine and IM ziprasidone shows comparable efficacy for acute agitation, especially in short-term management (within 2 hours of injection), with no significant difference demonstrated across multiple meta-analyses. Distinct side effect profiles have been shown for both agents, with headaches and hypotension being more commonly associated with ziprasidone and olanzapine, respectively. However, the lack of more robust comparisons limits the ability ...

A 2021 systematic review and meta-analysis (N= 10 studies, 1,964 patients) compared the efficacy of short-acting intramuscular (IM) second generation antipsychotic drugs, haloperidol, and placebo in patients with schizophrenia and schizophrenia-like disorders presenting with acute agitation. The primary outcome was the number of responders at 2 hours after the first injection. Compared to placebo, ziprasidone was associated with greater response (risk ratio [RR] 2.51, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.50 to 4.22). However, no significant differences were found when comparing ziprasidone with olanzapine, aripiprazole, and haloperidol. Olanzapine was more effective in reducing agitation at 2 hours compared to aripiprazole, but not when compared to haloperidol or ziprasidone. Limited data were available for the secondary outcome of the number of responders at 24 hours, with olanzapine being more effective than placebo (RR 1.83, 95% CI 1.37 to 2.46); no study reported data for ziprasidone ...

READ MORE→

A search of the published medical literature revealed 5 studies investigating the researchable question:

What are the similarities and differences between olanzapine and ziprasidone administered IM for acute agitation?

Level of evidence
C - Multiple studies with limitations or conflicting results  

READ MORE→

[1] Paris G, Bighelli I, Deste G, et al. Short-acting intramuscular second-generation antipsychotic drugs for acutely agitated patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders. A systematic review and network meta-analysis. Schizophr Res. 2021;229:3-11. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2021.01.021
[2] Kishi T, Matsunaga S, Iwata N. Intramuscular olanzapine for agitated patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Psychiatr Res. 2015;68:198-209. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2015.07.005
[3] Citrome L. Comparison of intramuscular ziprasidone, olanzapine, or aripiprazole for agitation: a quantitative review of efficacy and safety. J Clin Psychiatry. 2007;68(12):1876-1885. doi:10.4088/jcp.v68n1207
InpharmD's Answer GPT's Answer

Author:Muna Said, PharmD, BCPS + InpharmD™ AI LEARN MORE 

Comparative efficacy data on intravenous (IV) vs oral (PO) ethacrynic acid are highly limited, and much of the published literature is derived from dated studies. The most relevant study identified is a randomized, cross-over pharmacokinetic study in 10 adults with solid tumors receiving both IV and PO ethacrynic acid, which found that PO ethacrynic acid has low and variable systemic absorption rates, potentially indicating benefits with IV therapy for certain clinical scenarios; however, cli...

A 1971 narrative review synthesized published experimental and clinical evidence describing the pharmacologic properties, hemodynamic effects, and clinical applications of ethacrynic acid and furosemide. The review highlighted that intravenous (IV) administration of ethacrynic acid produced a rapid increase in urinary flow and natriuresis within minutes, with effects lasting several hours, and that these diuretic actions were more pronounced and prolonged in edematous patients compared to non-edematous subjects. Both drugs are rapidly absorbed after oral (PO) administration, with diuresis beginning in 20 to 60 minutes and reaching its peak in 2 hours; the diuretic effect duration is usually 6 to 8 hours. Both agents act within 5 minutes after IV administration, with peak diuresis in 30 minutes and full effect lasting 2 to 4 hours. Electrolyte excretion patterns revealed a greater chloride than sodium loss, significant kaliuresis resulting in high sodium/potassium ratios in the urine...

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A search of the published medical literature revealed 2 studies investigating the researchable question:

Is there any evidence to suggest IV ethacrynic acid is more effective than PO ethacrynic acid?

Level of evidence
X - No data  

READ MORE→

[1] KE, Onesti G, Moyer JH, Swartz C. Ethacrynic acid and furosemide. Diuretic and hemodynamic effects and clinical uses. Am J Cardiol. 1971;27(4):407-415. doi:10.1016/0002-9149(71)90438-3

Why choose InpharmD™?

Find answers, not documents.

Before InpharmD™


BeforeTime
Your team spends hours per week cobbling together literature from different studies, many behind paywalls, leaving little time for action.
BeforeTime
TI opportunities are discovered (or presented by third parties) months after the fact, resulting in costly missed savings.
BeforeTime
Decisions may be made without a complete picture, or pushed out while gathering consensus.

After InpharmD™


BeforeTime
InpharmD™ delivers customized, actionable drug information in real time, so you can focus on execution.
BeforeTime
Your team stays informed immediately when new data emerges or prices change, and you’ll always be the first to know when any changes impact your formulary.
BeforeTime
With InpharmD™, your team can make faster, more informed decisions and move forward with confidence.

What Clinical Pharmacists Are Saying...


     

Assists in our research and is a great way or us to get an answer to a medical question without spending an average of 2 hours researching UptoDate or PubMed ourselves.


—   Jordan C., PharmD, New Jersey

     

Huge time saver with thorough responses.


—   Jane D., PharmD, Georgia

     

I’d never heard of a DI pharmacist before, now I have one. In. My. Pocket. Amazing!


     

Holy Shhh. Cow! Holy Cow! These summaries are beautiful.


—   Jane D., PharmD, Georgia

     

I just want to say: This is such a brilliant idea! You people are genius.


     

OH MY GOD WHERE HAVE YOU BEEN ALL MY LIFE!


     

I can’t tell you how much time I spend literature searching. And how I CANNOT STAND PAYWALLS. THIS IS UNBELIEVABLE!! (covers face for sec) thank you, thank you, thank you!


     

So they’re basically connecting academic researchers with front line providers and then automating everything. It’s simply brilliant.


     

The clinical pharmacist was our secret weapon anyway. (Smiles wryly) This pharmacist AI seems superhuman. I’m just blown away, honestly. (Looks at camera somberly.)


     

It’s an ENTIRE DI DEPARTMENT, that lives in Epic. Give me a second. I’m just having a hard time wrapping my head around that.


     

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Stop reading and just download the app already! I’ve tried all of them. This is by far the most advanced, best-in-class.


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